И еще советую для полноты картины ознакомится вот с этим
"Pronation and the Biomechanics of Edge Control
The stickman sketch below are Figures 23 A and 23 B from US Patent No. 5,265,350 (expired) awarded to the writer. The stickman in FIG. 23 A is engaged in quiet standing with the weight equally distributed between the left and right feet. This is called Bipedal (two-footed) Stance. The force vector W emanating from the Centre of Mass or CoM is the ‘disturbing force’ of gravity. W is called a disturbing force because it is tending to disturb the balance of the stickman and cause him to topple.
Gravity is an ‘attractive force’ like magnetism. CoM is where you are in relation to the supporting surface. In this case, ground. But W is not the force applied to ground by the stickman. The applied force occurs at the contact points of the foot or feet with ground. In FIG 23 A, W lies equidistant between the two feet in the transverse plane. In normal Bipedal Stance, each foot supports equal proportions of the bodyʼs weight W, assuming equal leg lengths. Approximately 50 percent of the load is borne by the heel. The remaining 50 percent is borne by the heads of the long metatarsal bones. The load on the head of the first metatarsal (aka the ‘ball of the foot’) is twice that of each of the heads of the other four metatarsals. The anteroposterior (ergo, front to back) distribution of the load through the foot is due to the position of the CoM of the body above. The point on the foot where the centre of the applied force appears to act is called the Centre of Pressure or CoP. I say ‘appears to act’ because CoP could lie somewhere in the vault of the arches of the foot. In Bipedal Stance CoP lies on an axis that runs through the proximate centre of the heel and the head (ball) of the 2nd metatarsal. In ice skates, this is the ‘balance point’ where the ice blade is mounted. The forces shown as w2 are the centres of the ground reaction force or CoGRF that opposes CoP.
The footwear industry’s dirty little secret is that shoes are made on lasts that approximate the shape of the human foot in Bipedal Stance; standing on two feet and not moving. When you start to walk in a shoe, the structures deform and distort to accommodate changes in the architecture of the foot. Ski boots are worse. Not only do they approximate shape of your feet and legs in quiet Bipedal Stance, they prevent the user from obtaining a dynamically balanced base of support on one foot. Claims in relation to skiing are made that the human foot functions best in skiing when its joints are immobilized, preferably in a neutral position. In a neutral position, joint actions of the foot and knee and hip are limited to flexion and extension with transverse and orbital movement of the leg in hip joint within its normal range of motion.
A whole industry has been been established on methods of immobilizing the foot and stabilizing it in a neutral position with custom formed boot shells, custom formed liners and custom formed footbeds and orthotics that significantly restrict or prevent pronation. The indirect effect of preventing pronation is that the position of CoP on the axis running through the proximate centre of the heel and head of the 2nd metatarsal becomes fixed. For reasons that will be explained in future posts, this can have the effect of preventing the user from being able to establish the over-centre edge control mechanics that the best skiers use and especially an inability to establish a dynamically stable base of support on which to move from ski to ski.
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Сообщение отредактировал Maykl: 21 November 2015 - 22:22
